Directions: Read the following passages and choose the best answers to the questions.

   Intellectual property law is based on the nation that copying is bad for creativity. It is usually cheaper to copy something than create something wholly new. If innovators are not protected against imitation, they will not invest in more innovation. At least that’s how the story goes.
   The real world, however, tells a different story. Imitation is at the center of an enormous amount of innovation. Rules against copying are sometimes necessary. But in many cases, they serve to stow down innovation. Copying, in short, is often central to creativity.
   How can copying be beneficial? Because it can enable as well as inhibit innovation. When we think of innovation, we usually picture a lonely genius toiling away until he or she finally has an “aha!” moment. In fact, innovation is often an incremental, collective and competitive process. And the ability to build on existing creative work – to tweak and refine it – is critical to the creation of new and better things.
   Once we look, we see examples all around us. Thomas Edison’s light bulb imitated elements from a dozen earlier bulbs. Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet” borrowed from earlier writers, and “West side Story” in turn drew heavily from Shakespeare. This kind of copying and tweaking often leads to more choice in the marketplace – many variations on a theme – and more competition, which is good for consumers. Copying can also drive the process of invention, as competitors strive to stay ahead. And copying can serve as a powerful form of advertising for originators, one that carries weight because it is authentic. Copying may even expand a market by creating a trend.
   There are many other examples, from fashion designs to football plays to financial innovations like index funds, that exhibit this marriage of copying and creativity. These examples do not prove that copying is always a forces for good. And it is not. Just ask Apple. From its beginning Apple was an active copier itself.
   In a 1994 interview, Steve Jobs invoked Picasso’s alleged dictum that “good artists copy, great artists steal.” Jobs went on to say that at Apple, “We have always been shameless about stealing great ideas.”
   Jobs was right. While he has often been invoked as a visionary, he was, as Malcolm Gladwell recently described, “the greatest tweaker of his generation.” On a visit in 1979 to the Xerox research center in Palo Alto, he became fascinated with a Xerox prototype computer that used a mouse and screen icons. Jobs (and company) took ideas he’d seen at Xerox, refined them and made them central features of the Macintosh.
   The freedom to copy built Apple, and gave us the great product we enjoy today.

Which of the fllowing is NOT used to reveal Steve Jobs’ character?