Choose the best answer.

Passage 2

          Have you ever wondered about the efficiency of note taking between the two methods:  by hand with a pen and paper versus by laptops?

          In an experiment at Princeton University, students were divided into two groups: one was instructed to take notes by hand with a pen and paper; the other used laptops. Afterwards they were given some tricky intelligence tests to distract them and, later, were quizzed on the content of the lecture. It was found that the latter group was more likely to type the lecturers’ verbatim, while the former group were more engaged with the information by making a summary.

          This showed that when it came to remembering facts, it did not matter which method they used. However, when asked to explain the concepts covered in the lecture, the students who took notes by hand outperformed the digital note takers. This is because verbatim note taking involves a shallower form of cognitive processing whereas using a pen and paper allows for the information to be processed deeply by being selective in taking notes. The other ____40____ of using a pen and paper is that it allows for moving around the page very quickly, circling, underlining or adding extra information in the margins. 

          In the same experiment, the researchers wondered if more “complete” notes would help students with revision. They then asked the students to revise their notes before being tested a week later, ____41____. The reason is that cognitively processing material more deeply while one listens, helping to understand it and to remember it later on. Even if they never refer back to the notes again, the process of creating them can be useful. The exception is with learning simple facts. In this case, taking notes on a laptop can work just fine.

          Of course, if you can type fast and you want a transcription, then a laptop is ideal, but if your aim is to understand the material better and not just to create a record of the material, then take notes by hand.

Which one of the following words has the closest meaning to “outperformed”?