Directions : Choose the phrase that best completes each blank space in the passage.
Passage
     Global warming refers to the increase in ___1___ of the Earth’s near–surface air and oceans in recent decades and ___2___.
     The global average air temperature near the Earth’s surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18°C ___3___. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes, “most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperature since the mid- 20^th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations” via the greenhouse. Natural phenomena such as ___4___ have probably had a small warming effect. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by so many scientific societies and academies of ___5___.