Read the following passages and choose the best alternatives.
     Research and experience have shown that children and adolescents do not necessarily define winning the way adults do (i.e., winning is not synonymous with success; nor is losing synonymous with failure). Children are quite perceptive, however, to coaches’ and parents’ reactions to winning and losing games or events. If positive effect (joy and excitement) follows only wining and negative effect (embarrassment and disappointment) follows losing, children may acquire a fear of failure or of negative evaluation in sport settings. Such fears have a detrimental effect on future motivation and performance (Gould, 1984).
     Children often define success in terms of trying one’s best, improving since the last performance and enjoying the activity. The process of mastering and demonstrating skills, rather than the product of these mastery attempts, is deemed mostly important by children and youth. Thus, coaches and parents would do well to reinforce and encourage effort and improvement much more than product measures, such as points scored and place earned. A focus on the mastery of skills will maximize the development of physical, social and psychological skills (Weiss, 1987).
     When learning new skills, mistake become a part of the process. To feel successful and continue to be motivated, children need to be encouraged and given specific informational feedback about ways to improve. We call this the “sandwich approach” to communication (Smith, Smoll & Curtis, 1979) : First, respond to a skill error with encouragement and positive reinforcement about what was executed correctly (e.g., “Your stance was perfect”). Then follow with instruction on what to practice next time (e.g., “Start your swing toward the pitched ball earlier”). End on a positive, optimistic note (e.g., “Keep up the effort: your contact with the ball will get better soon”).
     All too often adults respond negatively to a child’s mistake (e.g., “How many times do I have to tell you to swing earlier?”). Such statements defuse the child’s enthusiasm for learning and enjoyment of the activity. In sport it is important to “catch kids doing things correctly” in order to contribute positively to self-esteem, motivation and enjoyment, as well as physical skill development.

The product of children’s mastery attempts can refer to their………